By: Associate Profesor Dr Hendun Abd Rahman Shah
THE Muslim world enters 2025 grappling with multifaceted challenges. The enduring crises in Gaza and across the broader Middle East are emblematic of a world order where impunity thrives, and justice remains elusive. These crises are not isolated events but interconnected conflicts that reflect the geopolitical machinations of global powers and the persistent plight of the oppressed.
The systematic violations of human rights and breaches of international legal norms in these regions for decades, underscore a failure not only of the states directly involved but also of the broader international community. The situation demands not only a critical analysis through the lens of international law and geopolitics but also an understanding of the role that states like Malaysia play in advocating for justice and accountability.
The geopolitical landscape of injustice
The situation in Gaza remains a profound testament to the failure of the international community to uphold justice. Years of blockade, military offensives, and targeted attacks on civilian infrastructure have led to a humanitarian crisis that many experts characterize as ethnic cleansing and genocide.Justi
The United States and its allies continue to shield Israel from accountability by wielding veto power in the United Nations Security Council. This undermines international institutions’ credibility and erodes trust in the global legal order. The failure to hold Israel accountable not only perpetuates suffering in Gaza but also emboldens other states to act with impunity.
The Syrian conflict, entering its second decade, stands as one of the most complex crises in modern history. The ongoing humanitarian catastrophe, marked by displacement, indiscriminate bombings, and chemical weapon use, reflects the inability of international bodies to act decisively. The fall of the Assad regime, often seen as a solution, would likely exacerbate the chaos without a clear roadmap for stability and justice. In Yemen, a devastating war has created one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. The lack of meaningful international intervention underscores the selective application of justice
in global conflicts.
International Law: Principles vs. practice
The principle of state responsibility underpins the international legal framework, holding states accountable for breaches of their obligations. According to the International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, states must make reparations and ensure non-repetition of wrongful acts. However, enforcement remains a challenge due to geopolitical interests.
Israel’s actions in Gaza, from illegal settlements to the blockade, demand accountability. Despite numerous UN resolutions and investigations, little progress has been made. The United States’ consistent use of its veto power in the UN Security Council has shielded Israel, undermining the credibility of international law. The crimes committed by various actors in Syria and Yemen, including foreign powers, must be addressed through robust accountability mechanisms. This includes prosecuting war crimes and crimes against humanity in international courts and using universal jurisdiction in domestic courts when international avenues are blocked.
International institutions like the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the United Nations play critical roles in enforcing accountability. However, their effectiveness is often hampered by political interference. There are many scholars and commentators suggest necessary reform for these institutions to remain relevant. This including restricting the use of veto power in cases involving mass atrocities, strengthening the ICC by expanding its jurisdiction and ensuring adequate funding, as well as establishing accountability mechanisms within the Muslim world, led by organizations like the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) or the like.
A unified stance on issues like Palestine, Syria, and Yemen is essential. Divisions fuelled by sectarianism and regional rivalries must be addressed through dialogue and cooperation. The OIC must take a proactive role in fostering solidarity and advocating for justice on the global stage. Muslim-majority states and communities should invest in legal advocacy, supporting cases in international courts and challenging violations of international law. Grassroots movements can amplify these efforts by raising awareness and mobilizing support.
Addressing internal governance issues and upholding human rights within Muslim-majority states is crucial. This not only strengthens their credibility but also aligns with universality of Islamic principles of justice and accountability. Indeed, Islamic teachings provide a moral and spiritual foundation for confronting injustice. The Quran’s emphasis on justice and the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) about resisting oppression inspire hope and action. The trials faced by the Muslim world today echo the eschatological narratives of perseverance and eventual triumph of justice.
Malaysia’s role and perspective
Malaysia has been a vocal advocate for Palestinian rights and broader justice in the Muslim world. Its stance is rooted in both moral and geopolitical considerations. As a predominantly Muslim-majority country, Malaysia’s government and civil society view the Palestinian struggle as a central issue of global justice and solidarity. Malaysia has consistently championed Palestinian rights in international forums, including the United Nations and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It has condemned Israel’s actions in Gaza and called for accountability under international law. Beyond diplomacy, Malaysia has contributed significantly to humanitarian aid in Gaza and other conflict zones.
Malaysian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role in providing medical aid, rebuilding infrastructure, and supporting displaced populations. Despite its strong rhetoric, Malaysia’s influence is limited by its geopolitical position. As a middle-power nation, it lacks the leverage to compel major powers to act. However, Malaysia’s consistent advocacy highlights the importance of moral leadership in international affairs.
Hope for 2025: Towards justice and accountability
As 2025 unfolds, the path forward lies in embracing unity, advocating for accountability, and reforming international institutions to uphold justice. This vision is not merely a political or legal aspiration but a moral and spiritual imperative. The collective efforts of states, communities, and individuals can transform the current challenges into opportunities for meaningful change. Malaysia’s leadership—through diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and advocacy—offers a model for other states to emulate. The principles of international law, when upheld, can serve as a foundation for justice and peace.
For the Muslim world, hope for 2025 lies in reclaiming its agency, fostering unity, and steadfastly pursuing justice for all. Breaking the chains of injustice requires political will, moral courage, collective action, and unwavering faith in the principles of justice enshrined in both international law and Islamic teachings.
Writer is a Lecturer of Public International Law
Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
